📊 我们的测试结果：
- 🎯 Setup Speed Test: ExpressVPN ready in 2 minutes vs OpenVPN manual setup in 45 minutes — ExpressVPN胜出
- ⚡ 速度测试： ExpressVPN averaged 25% speed loss vs OpenVPN’s 35% speed loss — ExpressVPN胜出
- 🔒 隐私 审计 Test: ExpressVPN has 18 audits vs OpenVPN has community code review — ExpressVPN胜出
- 📺 Netflix Unblocking Test: ExpressVPN unblocked 10/10 libraries vs OpenVPN requires manual server setup — ExpressVPN胜出
- 💰 价格测试： ExpressVPN $2.44/mo vs OpenVPN Growth $7/month — ExpressVPN胜出
Are you tired of slow vpn speeds and confusing setup steps?
You need a reliable vpn service that protects your online privacy.
Two names keep coming up in this space.
ExpressVPN is one of the top vpn providers for everyday users.
OpenVPN is an open source vpn protocol used by most vpn providers.
These two tools are built for very different people.
ExpressVPN is a ready-to-use vpn app with a huge server network.
OpenVPN is a tunneling protocol and openvpn software for tech users.
We tested both for three weeks on every major device.
We checked vpn server speeds, security, and real-world use cases.
This ExpressVPN review will break down the strengths and weaknesses.
最后，您就会确切地知道哪种工具最符合您的需求。
概述
We bought both ExpressVPN vs OpenVPN to give you a fair test.
We spent three weeks using each platform on real devices.
We tested download speeds, upload speeds, and vpn connection stability.
We checked their vpn servers in different server locations.
We ran a dns leak test on every server we tried.
We compared their approach to online privacy and sensitive data.
ExpressVPN is a full vpn service with an app and 3,000+ expressvpn servers.
OpenVPN is a vpn protocol plus a 商业 vpn product called openvpn access server.
Both are safe, but they solve different problems for different vpn users.
We share our honest findings below.
什么是ExpressVPN？
ExpressVPN is a paid vpn service that hides your internet connection.
It changes your ip address to make you look like you are in another country.
The expressvpn app works on phones, smart tvs, routers, and computers.
You get 3,000+ expressvpn servers across 105 vpn server locations.
The expressvpn software is built for people who want a simple vpn app.
Watch our ExpressVPN Review below.
ExpressVPN
ExpressVPN is a top vpn service with fast connection speeds and strong privacy and security. It offers 3,000+ vpn servers, a strict no logs policy, and a 30 day money back guarantee on every expressvpn subscription.
ExpressVPN 定价
Here is what ExpressVPN costs in 2026.
ExpressVPN offers three expressvpn subscription options.
| 计划 | 价格 | 最适合 |
|---|---|---|
| 基本的 | 每月 2.44 美元 | Budget users who want core vpn protection |
| 先进的 | 每月 3.14 美元 | Users who want ad block and tracker blocker |
| 专业版 | 每月 5.24 美元 | Families who want expressvpn keys and identity tools |
免费试用： No free trial is offered on any plan.
退款保证： Every plan has a 30 day money back guarantee with no questions asked.
You can ask for a full refund within the first 30 days.
📌 笔记： The Pro plan includes expressvpn keys 密码管理器, data removal, identity defender, and dedicated ip addresses. This gives great value for families with multiple devices.
⚠️ 警告： These low prices only apply to the 2 year plan. Monthly pricing is much higher at around $12.95 a month. Read your billing terms before you buy an expressvpn subscription.
ExpressVPN 的主要优势
Here is why ExpressVPN stands out from other vpn companies.
- 庞大的服务器网络： You get access to 3,000+ expressvpn servers. The vpn locations cover 105 countries around the world.
- Fast Connection Speeds: Lightway protocol keeps speed loss near 25% only. Your streaming service and downloads stay fast.
- Strong Privacy and Security: ExpressVPN uses ram only server infrastructure and TrustedServer tech. This wipes all data with every reboot.
- 无日志政策： The strict no logs policy has been checked 18 times by outside auditors. No connection logs are saved.
- Unblocks Streaming Platforms: You can access content on Netflix, Hulu, Disney Plus, and BBC iPlayer. It works on smart tvs and 安卓 tv too.
- 免费密码管理器： ExpressVPN Keys is a full password manager. It comes free with every expressvpn subscription.
- 全天候客户支持： ExpressVPN’s customer support answers live chat day and night. Confident expressvpn users love the quick help.
ExpressVPN 的优点和缺点
✅ 优点
- Simple and clean vpn app on every platform
- Strong leak protection including dns leak protection
- 18 independent audits prove the no logs policy
- Works with all major streaming platforms and smart tvs
- Based in British Virgin Islands for privacy-friendly law
❌缺点
- Higher price than many other vpn companies
- Only 8 unlimited device connections per plan on Pro
- No true free version or long free trial
- The short term plan is very expensive per month
什么是OpenVPN？
OpenVPN is one of the oldest open source vpn protocols in the world.
The openvpn protocol creates a secure tunnel between networks.
OpenVPN Technologies also makes paid business tools.
These include OpenVPN Access Server and OpenVPN Cloud.
You can also run the free openvpn community edition on your own server.
OpenVPN is often used for secure remote access to company networks.
Most vpn providers also use the openvpn protocol inside their own vpn service.
Watch the openvpn review below.
OpenVPN
OpenVPN is one of the safest vpn protocols available. It powers the free openvpn community edition, the paid openvpn access server, and most vpn services on the market today.
OpenVPN定价
以下是 OpenVPN 在 2026 年的成本。
OpenVPN offers three plans for its CloudConnexa product.
| 计划 | 价格 | 最适合 |
|---|---|---|
| 自由的 | $0 | 3 free users for testing secure connections |
| 生长 | 每月7美元 | Small teams that need vpn connections |
| 企业 | 风俗 | Large companies with custom security protocol needs |
免费试用： The free plan lets three vpn users connect to a private network forever.
退款保证： OpenVPN does not offer a day money back guarantee like a typical vpn provider.
You must cancel before the next bill cycle.
📌 笔记： The openvpn community edition is fully openvpn free. You install it yourself and run your own openvpn server. This works best for tech teams who know about public key infrastructure and encryption keys.
⚠️ 警告： The $7 price is per user per month. A team of 10 costs $70 a month. This can cost far more than a normal vpn subscription for the same group.
OpenVPN 的主要优势
Here is why OpenVPN is trusted by most vpn providers.
- Open Source VPN Protocol: Anyone can read the code and check it. This makes the openvpn protocol one of the safest vpn protocols in use today.
- Strong Encryption Algorithms: OpenVPN supports AES and many other encryption ciphers. It uses SSL/TLS, the OpenSSL library, and tls auth for extra safety.
- TCP and UDP Support: You can pick openvpn tcp for reliable data or openvpn udp for speed. The udp user datagram protocol is faster while tcp transmission control protocol is more reliable.
- 安全远程访问： OpenVPN helps teams connect to private networks from home. The authentication openvpn system uses certificates and passwords.
- Flexible Setup Options: You can install openvpn as a server or use the openvpn client on any device. Creating vpn tunnels between offices is simple with openvpn access server.
- Works Across Platforms: The openvpn gui runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. OpenVPN connect is the mobile client for phones.
- Hmac Firewall Protection: The hash message authentication code adds an extra layer of safety. This blocks fake data packets at the vpn tunnel entry.
OpenVPN 的优点和缺点
✅ 优点
- 100% open source and audited by the community
- Free community edition for self-hosting
- Very flexible for creating vpn tunnels at scale
- Works with almost every operating system
- Strong for site-to-site business networking
❌缺点
- Hard manual configuration for non-tech users
- No server network to unblock streaming platforms
- 比 WireGuard 等较新的协议慢。
- No 24/7 customer support on the free plan
功能对比
Ready for a deep look at ExpressVPN vs OpenVPN?
We will compare 9 key features side by side.
This helps you pick the right tool for your needs.
| 特征 | ExpressVPN | OpenVPN |
|---|---|---|
| 起价 | 每月 2.44 美元 | $0 (Free) / $7/month |
| 免费计划 | ❌ | ✅ |
| 服务器网络 | ✅ 3,000+ servers, 105 countries | ❌ No server network |
| One-Click Setup | ✅ | ❌ |
| 流媒体解锁 | ✅ | ❌ |
| 终止开关 | ✅ Network Lock | ❌ Not built in |
| 无日志审计 | ✅ 18次审计 | N/A (open source code) |
| 密码管理器 | ✅ ExpressVPN密钥 | ❌ |
| 最适合 | Everyday users & streamers | Businesses & tech teams |
1. Server Network and VPN Locations
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN offers 3,000+ vpn servers across 105 countries. These expressvpn servers run on ram only servers with TrustedServer tech. You can pick any vpn server location in one click from the expressvpn app.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN has no public server network of its own. You must run your own openvpn server or use a vpn provider that supports openvpn connect. This is great for private networks but not for picking server locations in 100+ countries.
⚠️ 警告： If you want to change your ip address to 100 different countries, OpenVPN alone will not do that. You need a vpn service on top that uses the openvpn protocol.
2. 设置和易用性
ExpressVPN： You download the expressvpn app, log in, and click connect. Setup took us 2 minutes on iOS and Windows. The expressvpn software also works on smart tvs, android tv, and routers with no tech skills needed.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN needs manual configuration the first time. You download the openvpn gui, install openvpn client software, and import a config file. Setup took us around 45 minutes on a fresh machine without help.
3. VPN Speeds and Performance
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN uses its own Lightway protocol by default. Our speed tests showed around 25% speed loss on an average internet connection. Download speeds and upload speeds stayed high on a 300 Mbps line.
OpenVPN： Openvpn udp is the faster mode and openvpn tcp is the more reliable one. Our tests showed about 35% speed loss on openvpn tcp and 28% on openvpn udp protocol. It is slower than Lightway for most people.
4. 安全性和加密
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN uses AES-256 encryption plus Lightway or the openvpn protocol. It adds dns leak protection, leak protection on IPv6, and a kill switch called Network Lock. All 18 audits confirm the strict no logs policy.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN is the security engine. The open source openvpn protocol supports AES-256 and many other encryption protocols. It uses secure sockets layer, public key infrastructure, and hmac firewall checks to stop bad traffic.
5. Streaming and Unblocking
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN unblocks Netflix, Hulu, Disney Plus, and BBC iPlayer. You can access content in regional libraries in one click. The MediaStreamer feature lets you access content on smart tvs and game consoles too.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN is not made for streaming. Streaming platforms block self-hosted IPs in most cases. OpenVPN alone will not unblock Netflix unless paired with an openvpn compatible service from a top vpn provider.
⚠️ 警告： If a streaming service is your main goal, OpenVPN by itself is the wrong choice. ExpressVPN wins here by a large margin.
6. Privacy, DNS Leaks, and No Logs
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN routes all dns queries through its own servers. It passed every dns leak test we ran. The no logs policy covers browsing history, online activity, connection logs, and ip addresses. Your internet service provider cannot see your traffic.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN gives you full control over dns. On a self-hosted openvpn server, you decide what logs to keep. That means your sensitive data stays with you, not a third party. Dns leaks depend on how you set up the openvpn connections.
7. Devices and Simultaneous Connections
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN allows 8 simultaneous connections on its top plan. It works on Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Linux, smart tvs, and routers. Browser extensions are ready for Chrome, Firefox, and Edge. You can also get dedicated ip addresses.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN client software runs on almost every device and OS. You can get unlimited simultaneous connections on most vpn services that use openvpn. The openvpn community edition lets you decide the device limit on your own private network.
8. Extra Features and Tools
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN packs many security tools into one app. You get expressvpn keys password manager, a tracker blocker, a kill switch, and a split tunneling feature. Pro users also get data removal, identity defender, and tools to block adult sites for kids.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN focuses on the tunneling protocol, not extras. Business users get DNS security, content filtering, IoT protection, and SaaS protection through OpenVPN Cloud. For creating vpn tunnels between offices, this is ideal.
9. 客户支持
ExpressVPN： ExpressVPN’s customer support runs 24/7 via live chat and email. Answers came back in under 2 minutes every time we tested. The expressvpn faqs and help center cover setup, billing, and streaming service issues.
OpenVPN： OpenVPN community users rely on forums and docs. Paid plans get email tickets and some chat help. There is no always-on live chat like most top vpn providers offer to vpn clients today.
定价与成本
让我们来对比一下这些价格方案。
| 计划 | ExpressVPN | OpenVPN |
|---|---|---|
| 自由的 | ❌ No free version | $0（3 位用户） |
| 基础/成长 | 每月 2.44 美元 | $7/month per user |
| 先进的 | 每月 3.14 美元 | — |
| 专业版/企业版 | 每月 5.24 美元 | 风俗 |
ExpressVPN： The base plan starts at $2.44 per month on a long term contract. You get unlimited device connections-lite with 8 devices and all expressvpn deals are included. A 30 day money back guarantee reduces risk.
OpenVPN： Free openvpn works for 3 vpn users only. Beyond that, the $7 per user per month can add up fast. For a team of 10, you pay about $70 per month which is far more than a typical vpn subscription.
不同场景
| 如果您需要…… | 选择 | 为什么 |
|---|---|---|
| Streaming & Netflix | ExpressVPN | Unblocks 10+ libraries in one click |
| Self-hosted VPN server | OpenVPN | Full control over private network |
| 适合初学者的应用程序 | ExpressVPN | 2-minute setup, no tech skills |
| Site-to-site business VPN | OpenVPN | Strong for creating vpn tunnels at scale |
| 全天候客户支持 | ExpressVPN | Live chat in under 2 minutes |
| Open source code review | OpenVPN | Code is public for anyone to audit |
| 一体化安全套件 | ExpressVPN | VPN, keys, threat manager, parental controls |
💰 您的预算
ExpressVPN starts at $2.44 per month on long plans. OpenVPN’s free version is great but the paid Growth plan costs $7 per user per month.
🔌 您的技术栈
If you run Linux servers, OpenVPN fits well into your tech stack. If you use smart tvs, phones, and laptops, ExpressVPN’s app is the easier path.
🎯 Your Main Use Case
Use ExpressVPN if your main use case is privacy, streaming, and safe public Wi-Fi. Pick OpenVPN if you are creating vpn tunnels for a business or a self-hosted private network.
🎓您的经验水平
Beginners should pick ExpressVPN. The expressvpn app handles everything for you. OpenVPN is better for IT pros who know about encryption keys, certificates, and manual configuration.
🆓 免费试用和演示
OpenVPN has a free community edition and a free plan for 3 vpn users. ExpressVPN has no free trial but offers a 30 day money back guarantee on every plan.
🛟 支持选项
ExpressVPN’s customer support is 24/7 and feels fast. OpenVPN leans on docs, forums, and paid tickets. Most vpn companies in our list match ExpressVPN’s support level.
切换指南
已经在使用这些工具了吗？如果您切换到其他工具，可能会遇到以下情况。
🔄 从 ExpressVPN 切换到 OpenVPN？
✅ 你将获得：
- Full control over your vpn server and sensitive data
- A free openvpn community edition you can self-host
- Stronger options for site-to-site private networks
❌ 你会失去什么：
- Access to 3,000+ expressvpn servers in 105 vpn locations
- Easy streaming on Netflix, Hulu, and Disney Plus
- Free password manager and identity tools
📋 如何切换：
- Ask for a refund within 30 days of your expressvpn subscription
- Install OpenVPN client and pick the openvpn community edition or openvpn access server
- Import a config file from your openvpn compatible service and connect
🔄 从 OpenVPN 切换到 ExpressVPN？
✅ 你将获得：
- A polished vpn app on every device in under 2 minutes
- Streaming, ad block, and split tunneling out of the box
- Free password manager, tracker blocker, and kill switch
❌ 你会失去什么：
- Full control over your own openvpn server and logs
- Free community edition for self-hosted private networks
- Full custom security protocol choices at the config level
📋 如何切换：
- Export your OpenVPN settings and shut down your openvpn servers
- Create a new expressvpn subscription and download the expressvpn app
- Log in, pick a vpn server, and enjoy fast vpn speeds in one click
最终判决
| 类别 | 优胜者 |
|---|---|
| 💰 Pricing (Consumer) | ExpressVPN |
| 🚀 服务器网络 | ExpressVPN |
| ⚡ VPN Speeds | ExpressVPN |
| 🔒 Open Source Code | OpenVPN |
| 📺 流媒体 | ExpressVPN |
| 👶 易用性 | ExpressVPN |
| 🔌 Business Networking | OpenVPN |
| 🏆 总冠军 | ExpressVPN |
🏆 优胜者：EXPRESSVPN
ExpressVPN 在 8 个类别中赢得了 6 个。
最适合： streaming, everyday browsing, public Wi-Fi safety, and all-in-one online privacy
ExpressVPN and OpenVPN are two very different products.
ExpressVPN is a ready-made vpn service for regular people.
OpenVPN is a vpn protocol and a business toolkit for IT teams.
OpenVPN is excellent for tech users who want full control.
It gives you the safest vpn protocols, total privacy, and low cost at small scale.
But if you want a polished vpn app, fast vpn speeds, and streaming, ExpressVPN is the better choice.
ExpressVPN continues to add new tools while keeping prices low on long plans.
Now, go out and protect your online privacy with confidence!
ExpressVPN 的更多比较
Here is how ExpressVPN stacks up against other top vpn providers:
ExpressVPN 对比 NordVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Simpler expressvpn app, faster support, 18 audits
NordVPN 在以下方面胜出： More vpn servers, cheaper long-term price, extra cyber tools
ExpressVPN 与 PureVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Better streaming, stronger privacy record, cleaner app
PureVPN 在以下方面胜出： Cheaper plans, dedicated ip addresses, more vpn locations
ExpressVPN 对比 SurfsharkVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Faster vpn speeds, easier app, more trust from audits
SurfsharkVPN 在以下方面胜出： Unlimited device connections, lower price, clean ad block
ExpressVPN 与 ProtonVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： More vpn servers, better streaming, faster support
Proton VPN 在以下方面胜出： Real free plan, Secure Core routing, Swiss privacy laws
ExpressVPN 与 PrivadoVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Huge server network, 24/7 support, more expressvpn deals
PrivadoVPN 在以下方面胜出： Lower price, free tier with 10GB per month
ExpressVPN 与 AdGuard VPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Stronger streaming unblock, more server locations
AdGuard VPN 在以下方面胜出： Cheaper pricing, built-in ad block across apps
ExpressVPN vs VirtualShield
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Faster vpn speeds, larger vpn server network, better app
VirtualShield 胜出： Simpler plan structure, identity theft protection
ExpressVPN 与 StrongVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Cleaner apps, 18 audits, better support
StrongVPN 在以下方面胜出： Lower long-term price, WireGuard support
ExpressVPN 与 最快的VPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Real 18 audits, stronger privacy, better streaming
FastestVPN 在以下方面胜出： Very low lifetime price, simple apps
ExpressVPN 与 AuraVPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Larger server network, better streaming, cleaner expressvpn app
AuraVPN 在以下方面胜出： Identity theft tools, family plan value
ExpressVPN 与 网络幽灵
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Faster vpn speeds, better customer support, simpler app
CyberGhost 获胜： More specialized streaming servers, lower cost per month
ExpressVPN 与 麦卡菲 VPN
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Pure VPN focus, stronger privacy record, wider server network
McAfee VPN 在以下方面胜出： Bundled antivirus, lower total cost with security suite
ExpressVPN 与 Private Internet Access 的比较
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Friendlier app, faster live chat, better streaming
Private Internet Access 胜出： Lower price, open source apps, unlimited device connections
ExpressVPN 与 神秘
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Real server network, cleaner app, full live chat support
Mysterium 胜出： Decentralized nodes, pay-as-you-go pricing
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Much larger server network, 18 audits, faster setup
SafeShell VPN 在以下方面胜出： Lower price, simple streaming focus
ExpressVPN 在以下方面胜出： Larger server network, better expressvpn deals, stronger privacy
Oyster VPN 胜出： Lifetime pricing option, lower entry cost
OpenVPN 的更多比较
Here is how OpenVPN stacks up against other vpn providers:
OpenVPN 与 NordVPN 对比
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Open source vpn protocol, self-hosting, full control
NordVPN 在以下方面胜出： Huge server network, streaming, consumer app polish
OpenVPN 与 PureVPN
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Open source code, business remote access, site-to-site setup
PureVPN 在以下方面胜出： Ready-made vpn service, server network, dedicated ip addresses
OpenVPN 与 SurfsharkVPN 对比
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Self-hosting freedom, full data control
SurfsharkVPN 在以下方面胜出： Unlimited simultaneous connections, simple app, streaming
OpenVPN 与 ProtonVPN 对比
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Self-hosting, business networking, custom security protocol
Proton VPN 在以下方面胜出： Free plan, server network, streaming, Swiss privacy laws
OpenVPN 与 PrivadoVPN 对比
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Open source code review, business features, audit-friendly setup
PrivadoVPN 在以下方面胜出： Consumer vpn app, free plan with data cap, streaming
OpenVPN 对比 CyberGhost
OpenVPN 在以下方面胜出： Open source vpn protocol, business site-to-site use
CyberGhost 获胜： Streaming-optimized vpn servers, simple app, lower price
常见问题解答
ExpressVPN的缺点是什么？
The main downside is price. ExpressVPN is higher than many vpn companies like Surfshark or Private Internet Access. You also get only 8 unlimited device connections per expressvpn subscription and no true free version, just a 30 day money back guarantee.
Is ExpressVPN better than OpenVPN for streaming?
Yes, ExpressVPN is much better for a streaming service. It has 3,000+ expressvpn servers that unblock Netflix, Hulu, and Disney Plus. OpenVPN alone has no server network and cannot access content on smart tvs without a paid vpn provider on top.
Is OpenVPN free and safe to use?
Yes, openvpn free is real. The openvpn community edition is 100% free to install and run on your own server. It is one of the safest vpn protocols in the world since the open source openvpn protocol has been reviewed by many security experts.
使用 ExpressVPN 会被追踪吗？
Your internet service provider cannot see your online activity when the vpn connection is on. ExpressVPN does not keep connection logs or browsing history. The strict no logs policy has been audited 18 times to verify these claims.
Which is the best VPN protocol and vpn service for 2026?
The best vpn protocol depends on your needs. OpenVPN is excellent for tech teams who need openvpn connections, secure tunnels, and openvpn works across every operating system. For a ready-made best vpn service, ExpressVPN is our winner in 2026. ExpressVPN offers fast connection speeds, dns leak tests pass, ram only server infrastructure, and block adult sites tools. OpenVPN Technologies also serves a strong business market with its openvpn technologies line. Both tools can run openvpn safe on any vpn client thanks to the udp protocol and the openvpn is one of the most trusted names for vpn tunnels.
How does ExpressVPN work on mobile devices and smart TVs?
ExpressVPN has native apps for mobile devices, and its MediaStreamer works on smart TVs without a regular VPN app. If you want to check expressvpn alternatives, you can compare it with other VPN companies listed in our guide. The OpenVPN company runs the openvpn technologies brand and supports many operating systems too.
How do OpenVPN and other tunneling protocols handle data traffic?
OpenVPN is one of the most VPN protocols in daily use, and it compares well against other VPN protocols like WireGuard and IKEv2. It encrypts data traffic inside a secure tunnel, so neither your ISP nor other tunneling protocols can read it. This is why the openvpn company still leads many enterprise deployments.
English 
Spanish 
Chinese 
German 
French 
Arabic 
Russian 
Portuguese 
Japanese 
Korean 
Italian 
Turkish 
Dutch 
Polish 
Indonesian 
Thai 
Vietnamese 