

⚡ Quick Verdict:
- 価格: Snov IO starts at $29.25/month vs Mailshake at $25/month
- 最適な用途: Snov IO for email finding and verification, Mailshake for multichannel sales engagement
- 主な違い: Snov IO bundles lead generation with outreach; Mailshake focuses purely on email outreach execution
- Our pick: Snov IO for most users — the free plan, built-in CRM, and email finder make it more versatile for sales outreach

Snov IO and Mailshake both promise to fill your pipeline with qualified leads.
But they take fundamentally different approaches to the problem, and that difference determines which tool actually fits your workflow.
Snov IO combines lead generation with cold email outreach in a single platform.
You can find email addresses, verify them, build drip campaigns, and track everything in the built-in CRM.
Mailshake, on the other hand, assumes you already have your prospect list and focuses entirely on helping sales teams execute personalized outreach campaigns across email, phone, and LinkedIn.
This Snov vs Mailshake comparison breaks down pricing, features, and real-world use cases to help you pick the right tool for your sales outreach needs.
概要
This comparison covers pricing, core features, email deliverability, automation capabilities, and who each tool works best for.
We’ve drawn from published specs, platform documentation, and user reviews on G2 and Capterra.
Our writers also spent hands-on time with both platforms — those observations appear in the “What Our Team Noticed” sections below.
By the end, you’ll know which tool fits your specific 仕事 needs — or whether neither is the right choice for your sales team.
Snov IOとは何ですか?
Snov IO is a sales automation platform that combines lead generation tools with cold email outreach capabilities.
The platform helps businesses find email addresses from company websites and LinkedIn, verify those addresses to reduce bounced emails, and then nurture leads through automated email drip campaigns.
What sets Snov IO apart is its all-in-one approach.
Rather than forcing you to use multiple different tools, you can find email addresses, verify them, send emails, and manage deals in the built-in Sales CRM — all from one account.
このプラットフォームはクレジット制で運営されており、メールアドレスの検索や検証といった操作には毎月のクレジットが消費されます。

スノブIO
All-in-one sales automation platform combining email finder, email verifier, drip campaigns, and CRM. Find potential leads on LinkedIn and company websites, verify email addresses to reduce bounced emails, and automate your entire cold email outreach workflow.
Snov IOの価格設定
Snov IO uses a tiered pricing structure based on monthly credits. Each plan gives you a specific number of credits that can be used across all features — email finding, verification, and campaigns. Here’s what each plan costs in 2026:
| プラン | 価格 | 最適な用途 |
|---|---|---|
| 無料トライアル | $0 | Testing the platform with 50 credits/month |
| スターター | 月額29.25ドル | フリーランサー and solo sales reps starting with cold outreach |
| プロ | 月額74.25ドル | Growing teams needing more credits and team features |
| カスタムウルトラ | 営業担当者へのお問い合わせ | Enterprise teams with high-volume lead generation needs |
Pricing verified April 2026.

無料トライアル: Yes — Snov IO offers a free plan with 50 credits per month. No credit card required to start.
返金保証: Snov IO’s refund policy is considered poor by some users, as purchases are non-refundable according to their terms.
📌 注記: The free plan lets you test the email finder, email verifier, and drip campaign features before committing. This is a genuine free tier, not a limited trial period.
⚠️ 警告: Credits are consumed for each action (finding emails, verifying, etc.), and unused credits don’t roll over. Plan your monthly usage carefully to avoid running out mid-campaign.
Snov IOの主な利点
Here’s what makes Snov IO worth considering for your sales outreach:
- Email Finder + Verifier Combo: Find email addresses from LinkedIn profiles and company websites, then verify them in the same workflow. This reduces bounced emails and protects your sender reputation.
- Built-in Sales CRM: Track deals, manage tasks, and organize your pipeline without paying for a separate CRM tool. The CRM integrates directly with your email campaigns.
- Chrome拡張機能: Collect leads and find email addresses while browsing LinkedIn, company websites, or any web page. One click adds prospects to your campaigns.
- Email Warm-up Module: Automatically warm up new email accounts to improve deliverability before launching cold email campaigns. This helps you avoid spam folders.
- Drip Campaign Builder: Create automated email sequences with a drag-and-drop editor. Set triggers based on opens, clicks, and replies to personalize follow ups.
- 5,000以上のアプリ連携: Connect with major CRMs like HubSpot, Pipedrive, and セールスフォース. The platform also supports ザピエール for custom automation workflows.

What Our Team Noticed
Our writer signed up for Snov IO and spent several days exploring the platform. Here’s what stood out from that hands-on time:

Snov IOの長所と短所
✅ メリット
- Free plan with 50 credits per month — no credit card required
- All-in-one platform combining email finder, verifier, and campaigns
- Built-in Sales CRM included at no extra cost
- Chrome extension for one-click lead capture on any website
- Email warm-up feature to improve deliverability
❌ デメリット
- クレジットベースの料金体系は、新規ユーザーにとって分かりにくい場合があります。
- Customer support can be slow to respond according to some reviews
- No refunds available — purchases are non-refundable
- LinkedIn automation requires additional monthly fee ($62/account)
Mailshakeとは何ですか?
Mailshake is a sales engagement platform built specifically to help sales teams with cold outreach.
Unlike tools that focus on lead finding, Mailshake assumes you already have your prospect list and helps you execute personalized campaigns across email, phone, and LinkedIn.
The platform is designed for sales reps who want to send personalized cold emails at scale without the technical complexity.
Mailshake’s SHAKEspeare AI helps generate custom email copy and subject lines, while built-in features like email warm-up and deliverability tracking help your messages land in prospect inboxes instead of spam folders.

メールシェイク
Sales engagement platform for cold email outreach with AI-powered email writing, LinkedIn automation, and power phone dialer. Send personalized emails at scale, automate follow ups, and track which leads engage most with your outreach campaigns.
Mailshakeの価格設定
Mailshake uses a per-user subscription model with three tiers. Unlike Snov IO’s credit system, you pay per seat and get access to features based on your plan level. Here’s the breakdown for 2026:
| プラン | 価格 | 最適な用途 |
|---|---|---|
| スターター | 月額25ドル | Individual sales reps testing cold email outreach |
| メールによるアウトリーチ | 月額45ドル | Sales teams needing email campaigns and automated follow ups |
| 営業エンゲージメント | $85/month (annual) | Established teams wanting phone dialer and LinkedIn automation |
Pricing verified April 2026.

無料トライアル: No — Mailshake does not offer a free trial for any of its plans. You must commit to a paid plan upfront to access the platform.
返金保証: Mailshake offers refunds on a case-by-case basis. Contact their support team if you’re unsatisfied within the first billing period.
📌 注記: LinkedIn automation is an add-on that costs an additional $62 per account per month on top of your base plan. This is not included in any standard tier.
⚠️ 警告: The per-user pricing means costs scale quickly for larger sales teams. A 5-person team on Email Outreach would pay $225/month, while Snov IO’s Pro plan covers multiple users for $74.25/month.
Mailshakeの主なメリット
Here’s what makes Mailshake worth considering for your sales team:
- SHAKESpeare AIメール作成ツール: Generate custom email copy and subject lines based on your campaign goals. The AI helps sales reps who struggle with writer’s block create personalized emails faster.
- リードキャッチャー: Automatically identifies your most engaged leads based on opens, clicks, and replies. The lead drivers dashboard shows which prospects are most likely to convert.
- パワーフォンダイヤラー: Integrate cold calling directly into your outreach campaigns. The Sales Engagement plan includes unlimited free dialer minutes for phone outreach.
- LinkedIn 自動化: Send connection requests and LinkedIn messages as part of multichannel outreach campaigns. Automate your social selling alongside email.
- 組み込みの配信ツール: Email warm-up, verification, and spam-filter-friendly link tracking help ensure your messages reach prospect inboxes instead of spam folders.
- A/Bテスト: Test different subject lines and email copy to optimize campaigns. Track metrics like opens and replies to see what works best for your target audience.

What Our Team Noticed
Our writer signed up for Mailshake and explored the platform for everyday cold outreach tasks. Here’s what stood out from that hands-on experience:

Mailshakeのメリットとデメリット
✅ メリット
- AI email writer generates personalized copy quickly
- Multichannel outreach across email, phone, and LinkedIn
- Lead Catcher identifies most engaged prospects automatically
- Used by over 49,000 companies worldwide
- Mail merge for personalized messages at scale
❌ デメリット
- 無料トライアルはありません。プラットフォームを試すには前払いが必要です。
- 大規模チームの場合、ユーザーごとの料金設定が高額になる
- LinkedIn automation requires additional $62/account fee
- Significant learning curve for beginners
機能比較
Let’s compare Snov IO and Mailshake across the features that matter most for cold email outreach and sales engagement. Both platforms have strengths in different areas, and the right choice depends on which capabilities your sales team needs most.
| 特徴 | スノブIO | メールシェイク |
|---|---|---|
| 開始価格 | 月額29.25ドル | 月額25ドル |
| 無料プラン | ✅ 月50クレジット | ❌ |
| メールファインダー | ✅内蔵 | ✅ データ Finder add-on |
| メール検証ツール | ✅内蔵 | ✅内蔵 |
| メールウォームアップ | ✅内蔵 | ✅内蔵 |
| LinkedInの自動化 | ✅ Add-on ($62/mo) | ✅ Add-on ($62/mo) |
| 電話ダイヤラー | ❌ | ✅ パワーダイヤラー |
| CRM内蔵 | ✅ 営業CRM | ❌ Integrations only |
| AIメールライター | ✅ AIライター | ✅ シェイクスピアAI |
| 最適な用途 | リードジェネレーション+アウトリーチ | Sales team engagement |
1. リードジェネレーション
Snov IO: Lead generation is where Snov IO shines. The email finder tool lets you search for email addresses across LinkedIn profiles, company websites, and bulk domain searches. You can easily find emails while browsing any page using the Chrome extension, then verify those addresses before adding them to campaigns. The platform makes it simple to build relationships with potential leads by starting from scratch — no existing prospect list required.

メールシェイク: Mailshake includes a Data Finder feature that provides contact details for prospects, but it’s not the platform’s primary focus. The tool works best when you already have a prospect list and need help executing personalized outreach campaigns. If you need to find email addresses at scale before launching campaigns, you’ll likely need to pair Mailshake with a dedicated lead generation tool.
2. メール認証
Snov IO: The email verifier reduces bounced emails by validating addresses before you send. You can verify emails individually or upload bulk lists for validation. Each verification consumes credits, but the feature integrates directly with the email finder — so you can find and verify in one workflow. This helps maintain your sender reputation and keeps email deliverability high.

メールシェイク: Mailshake includes email verification as part of its deliverability tools. The platform validates addresses to help you avoid sending to invalid emails that could hurt your reputation. Some users have reported trouble uploading leads correctly, but the verification step catches most bad addresses before campaigns launch.
3. メールキャンペーン
Snov IO: Build automated email campaigns using the drag-and-drop drip campaign editor. Set triggers based on opens, clicks, and replies to automate your follow ups. The platform supports unlimited email accounts and campaigns on paid plans, letting you scale your sales outreach without artificial limits. You can create personalized emails using merge tags and schedule sends based on recipient time zones.

メールシェイク: Create multi-step email campaigns that automatically stop when a prospect replies. The mail merge feature lets you send personalized emails at scale, with custom fields for each recipient. Mailshake’s strength is in automated follow ups — the platform handles the time-consuming process of remembering to follow up with prospects who haven’t responded.

4. メール配信率
Snov IO: The email warm-up module automates the process of building sender reputation for new email accounts. This helps avoid spam filters and ensures your messages land in prospect inboxes. Combined with the email verifier to eliminate unverified emails, Snov IO provides solid deliverability tools for cold outreach.
メールシェイク: Built-in email warm-up, verification, and spam-filter-friendly link tracking work together to protect email deliverability. Mailshake uses throttling to mimic natural sending patterns, which helps your emails appear more human and avoid spam folders. The platform also includes an email domain setup assistant to help configure proper authentication.

⚠️ 警告: Some Mailshake users have reported issues with email deliverability affecting campaign success rates. Both platforms recommend warming up new accounts for at least 2-3 weeks before sending cold emails at scale.
5. LinkedInの自動化
Snov IO: The LinkedIn Prospect Finder helps you find email addresses from LinkedIn profiles directly. However, LinkedIn automation (sending connection requests and messages) requires an additional $62/account monthly fee. The feature works with the broader platform but isn’t included in base pricing.
メールシェイク: Automate LinkedIn outreach tasks like sending connection requests and LinkedIn messages as part of multichannel campaigns. Like Snov IO, this feature costs an additional $62 per account per month. Mailshake integrates LinkedIn automation more tightly with email campaigns for true multichannel sales engagement.

6. AI Email Writing
Snov IO: The AI Email Writer helps you create personalized emails and subject lines based on prospect data. The tool includes AI Sentiment Analysis for tailoring communications based on tone. It’s useful for drafting initial outreach, though most users customize the output before sending.
メールシェイク: SHAKEspeare AI generates custom email copy and subject lines based on your campaign goals. The in-app copy analyzer helps optimize campaigns by suggesting improvements. For sales reps who struggle to create personalized emails quickly, this feature saves time while maintaining personalization.

7. 電話ダイヤラー
Snov IO: Snov IO does not include a phone dialer. The platform focuses on email-based outreach and lead generation. If your sales process requires cold calling alongside email, you’ll need to integrate a separate dialing solution or choose a different platform.
メールシェイク: The power phone dialer integrates cold calling directly into personalized campaigns. The Sales Engagement plan includes unlimited free dialer minutes, letting sales representatives combine phone calls with email outreach. This makes Mailshake stronger for many sales teams who need true multichannel outreach.
8. CRM & Pipeline Management
Snov IO: The built-in Sales CRM lets you manage deals, tasks, and teams without paying for a separate tool. Track pipeline stages, create tasks related to deals, and see all interactions in one place. This saves time for small teams who don’t want to manage multiple different tools for sales outreach.

メールシェイク: Mailshake doesn’t include a built-in CRM, but integrates with CRM tools like Salesforce and HubSpot through native connections and Zapier. This approach works well for established teams who already use a CRM, but adds complexity and cost for teams starting from scratch.
9. 統合
Snov IO: Connects with over 5,000 applications including major CRMs like HubSpot, Pipedrive, and Salesforce. The platform also supports Zapier for custom automation workflows. Gmail integration is native, making it easy to connect your personal emails and send campaigns from your own inbox.
メールシェイク: Integrates with Salesforce, HubSpot, Pipedrive, and thousands of other apps through Zapier. The platform connects with your existing email provider (Gmail, Outlook) to send from your own mail accounts. This enhances deliverability by sending from trusted domains rather than third-party servers.

10. 価格設定とコスト
| プランレベル | スノブIO | メールシェイク |
|---|---|---|
| 無料/トライアル | Free plan (50 credits) | 無料トライアルなし |
| エントリーレベル | 月額29.25ドル(スタータープラン) | 月額25ドル(スタータープラン) |
| 中級クラス | 月額74.25ドル(プロプラン) | 月額45ドル(メール配信サービス) |
| ハイティア | 営業担当(カスタムウルトラ)までお問い合わせください | 月額85ドル(営業支援) |
| LinkedInアドオン | $62/account/month | $62/account/month |
Snov IO: The free plan with 50 monthly credits lets you test the platform before committing. Credit-based pricing means you pay for what you use, which works well for teams with variable outreach volume. The starter plan at $29.25/month is reasonable for freelancers and solo sales reps launching their first campaigns.
メールシェイク: The $25/month starter plan appears cheaper, but Mailshake’s per-user pricing scales quickly for growing teams. A 5-person sales team on Email Outreach pays $225/month total, while Snov IO’s Pro plan covers the entire team for $74.25/month. No free trial means you must commit financially before testing the platform.
さまざまなシナリオ
| 必要な場合は | 選ぶ | なぜ |
|---|---|---|
| まずは無料プランでお試しください | スノブIO | 50 free credits monthly, no card required |
| 電話勧誘用ダイヤラー | メールシェイク | Built-in power dialer with unlimited minutes |
| CRM内蔵 | スノブIO | Sales CRM included at no extra cost |
| マルチチャネルアウトリーチ | メールシェイク | Email + phone + LinkedIn in one workflow |
| メールアドレスの検索と検証 | スノブIO | Core strength with Chrome extension |
| Smallest team budget | スノブIO | Flat pricing vs per-user for larger teams |
💰 あなたの予算
Snov IO’s flat pricing works better for teams larger than 2-3 people. Mailshake’s per-user model at $25-$85/seat adds up quickly. If you’re a solo sales rep, Mailshake’s starter plan is actually cheaper — but the free plan from Snov IO lets you test without financial commitment.
🔌 あなたの技術スタック
Both platforms integrate with major CRMs like HubSpot and Salesforce. If you already use a CRM, Mailshake’s integration-focused approach works fine. If you want everything in one app without managing multiple tools, Snov IO’s built-in Sales CRM is more convenient.
📝 販売プロセス
If you need to find leads before you can contact them, Snov IO’s email finder makes more sense. If you already have prospect lists from other sources and just need to execute outreach campaigns, Mailshake’s campaign execution features are stronger.
🎓 あなたの経験レベル
Snov IO’s interface is rated intuitive by 94% of users according to reviews, making it easier for beginners to launch campaigns quickly. Mailshake has a steeper learning curve but offers more advanced features for experienced sales reps.
🆓 無料トライアルとデモ
Snov IO’s genuine free tier lets you test with 50 credits monthly — enough to understand the workflow. Mailshake requires payment upfront with no trial, which is a significant drawback if you want to test before committing your sales team’s budget.
🛟 サポートオプション
Both platforms have received mixed reviews on customer support response times. Mailshake’s support team has been criticized for being slow to respond. Snov IO’s customer service is often praised for being responsive, though some users report slow resolution for complex issues.
切り替えガイド
既にこれらのツールのいずれかをご利用ですか?切り替える場合、どのような変更が予想されますか?
🔄 Snov IOからMailshakeに切り替えますか?
✅ 得られるもの:
- Power phone dialer for cold calling integration
- Tighter LinkedIn automation within multichannel campaigns
- Lead Catcher to identify your most engaged prospects
❌ 失うもの:
- Built-in email finder — you’ll need to source leads elsewhere
- Sales CRM — you’ll need a separate CRM tool
- Free tier — Mailshake requires payment upfront
📋切り替え方法:
- Snov IOから連絡先リストをCSVファイルとしてエクスポートする
- Create your Mailshake account and configure email domain setup
- Import your contacts and rebuild your email sequences
🔄 MailshakeからSnov IOに切り替えますか?
✅ 得られるもの:
- Email finder to generate leads directly in the platform
- Built-in Sales CRM without extra subscription costs
- Free plan with 50 credits to test new features
❌ 失うもの:
- Power phone dialer — no cold calling capability
- Lead Catcher automated engagement scoring
- SHAKEspeare AI email writing assistant
📋切り替え方法:
- Export your prospect lists from Mailshake as CSV
- Sign up for Snov IO free plan to test the platform
- Import contacts and recreate your drip campaigns
What Our Review Didn’t Cover
This comparison focused on individual users and small sales teams running cold email outreach campaigns. We didn’t test enterprise-level features like custom API integrations or evaluate how either platform performs at very high volumes (50,000+ emails monthly). If you’re managing a large sales team with complex CRM requirements, your priorities may differ from what we’ve covered here.
最終評決
| カテゴリ | 勝者 |
|---|---|
| 💰価格対価値 | スノブIO |
| 🔍 リードジェネレーション | スノブIO |
| ✉️ Email Campaigns | ネクタイ |
| 📱 マルチチャネルアウトリーチ | メールシェイク |
| 📞 電話ダイヤラー | メールシェイク |
| 🗂️ Built-in CRM | スノブIO |
| 👶 使いやすさ | スノブIO |
| 🏆総合優勝 | スノブIO |
🏆 優勝:Snov IO
Snov IOは8部門中5部門で受賞した。
最適な用途: Lead generation + cold outreach, small business sales teams, budget-conscious users who want a free plan
Snov IO and Mailshake serve different needs within the sales outreach space. Snov IO excels at lead generation — finding and verifying email addresses before you even start your outreach campaigns. The built-in CRM, free plan, and flat pricing make it the better choice for most small to medium-sized businesses getting started with cold email.
Mailshake is excellent for established teams who already have prospect lists and need true multichannel execution. If your sales process includes cold calling alongside email, Mailshake’s power phone dialer and LinkedIn automation make it the stronger sales engagement tool. However, the lack of a free trial and per-user pricing create barriers for growing teams.
For most users starting with cold outreach, Snov IO offers more value with less financial risk. Test the free plan, build your prospect lists using the email finder, and scale up when you start closing deals.
Snov IOの比較をもっと見る
Snov IOが他の競合他社と比べてどうなのか、以下に示します。
Snov IO vs アポロ
Snov IOが勝利した点: Lower entry pricing ($29 vs $49/mo), built-in email warm-up, Chrome extension simplicity
アポロが勝利した点: Larger B2B database with 270M+ contacts, advanced intent data, conversation intelligence
Snov IO vs ハンター IO
Snov IOが勝利した点: Built-in drip campaigns, Sales CRM included, LinkedIn prospect finder
Hunter IOが勝利した点: Simpler pricing model, cleaner domain search interface, Google Sheets add-on
Snov IO 対 Lemlist
Snov IOが勝利した点: Free plan available, lower pricing ($29 vs $63/mo), email finder included
Lemlistが勝利した点: Custom landing pages for personalization, image personalization in emails, larger team features
Snov IO vs 即座に
Snov IOが勝利した点: Email finder built-in, Sales CRM included, technology checker for targeting
即座に勝利を収めるポイント: Unlimited email accounts on all plans, AI-powered lead finder, deliverability network
Mailshakeの比較をもっと見る
Mailshakeが他の競合他社と比べてどうなのか、以下に示します。
Mailshake vs 返信 IO
Mailshakeが勝利した点: Power phone dialer included, simpler campaign builder, Lead Catcher feature
Reply IOが以下の点で勝利しました: AI Chat for website visitors, Magic Sequence automation, B2B database access
Mailshake vs キツツキ
Mailshakeが勝利した点: Phone dialer for cold calling, SHAKEspeare AI writing, 49,000+ company user base
キツツキの勝利: Lower starting price ($24/mo), 7-day free trial available, centralized inbox
Mailshake vs セールスハンディ
Mailshakeが勝利した点: Power phone dialer, Lead Catcher engagement scoring, LinkedIn automation
Saleshandyが勝つポイント: Lower pricing ($25 vs $45 for comparable features), unified inbox, sequence score
Mailshake vs スマートリード
Mailshakeが勝利した点: Phone dialer included, LinkedIn automation, established 49K+ user base
Smartleadが優れている点: Unlimited email accounts, white-label option for agencies, premium deliverability
よくある質問
Snov IOは何に使用されますか?
The platform helps businesses find email addresses from company websites and LinkedIn, verify those addresses to reduce bounced emails, and send automated email drip campaigns to nurture leads. It combines lead generation with email marketing and sales outreach automation in one helpful tool. Many users find it saves time compared to using multiple different tools, and the implementation manager guides you through email setup during onboarding.
Mailshakeは何に使われるのですか?
Mailshake helps sales teams send personalized cold emails at scale, automate follow ups, and manage multichannel outreach across email, phone calls, and LinkedIn. The platform provides email templates with email personalization advanced scheduling, and includes an in app copy analyzer to optimize campaigns. It’s a sales tool that focuses on campaign execution rather than lead finding, and offers data finder credits for prospect research.
Mailshakeには無料トライアルはありますか?
No, Mailshake does not offer a free trial. You must commit to a paid plan starting at $25/month to access all the features on the platform. This is a notable drawback compared to competitors that offer free trials or free tiers, especially for growing teams evaluating multiple campaigns or those without technical skills who want a user friendly interface to test first.
Snov IOは無料で利用できますか?
Yes, the platform offers a free plan that provides 50 credits every month. No credit card is required to start. You can use these credits for email finding, verification, and campaign sending to test the tool before upgrading.
Which is better for small business lead generation?
Snov IO is generally better for small business lead generation because it combines email finding with outreach in one platform. You can find potential leads, verify their email addresses, and launch a Mailshake campaign or Snov drip sequence without needing multiple tools. The free plan lets you test before committing your business budget, which can lead to more meetings, closed deals, and more revenue over time. Many users consider it a game changer for their outreach efforts.
Can Mailshake filter prospects and set recipients per campaign?
Yes, Mailshake lets you filter prospects by engagement level, reply status, and custom tags. You can set recipients per campaign when uploading your contact list. The provider automated email sequences will then run through your filtered list automatically.
Is Snov IO good for online marketing beyond email?
Snov IO focuses primarily on email and LinkedIn outreach rather than broader online marketing channels like Facebook ads. However, the platform helps you save time since manual prospecting is time consuming without automation. For full-funnel marketing that includes ソーシャルメディア, you may need additional tools.













